Ke kumu o ka pepa Kraft

Pepa KraftʻO ka huaʻōlelo e pili ana no "ikaika" ma ka ʻōlelo Kelemānia ʻo "ʻili bipi".

I ka wā mua, ʻo ka mea maka no ka pepa he mau ʻōpala a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pulp fermented. Ma hope mai, me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka crusher, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano pulping mechanical, a ua hana ʻia nā mea maka i nā mea fibrous ma o ka crusher. I ka makahiki 1750, ua hana ʻo Herinda Bita o Netherlands i ka mīkini pepa, a ua hoʻomaka ka hana pepa nui. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koi no nā mea maka hana pepa ma mua o ka lako.
No laila, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e noiʻi a hoʻomohala i nā mea hana pepa ʻē aʻe. I ka makahiki 1845, ua hana ʻo Keira i ka pulp lāʻau i wili ʻia. Hana ʻia kēia ʻano pulp mai ka lāʻau a ua kuʻi ʻia i loko o nā olonā ma o ke kaomi hydraulic a i ʻole mechanical. Eia nō naʻe, mālama ka pulp lāʻau i wili ʻia i ka aneane o nā ʻāpana āpau o ka mea lāʻau, me nā olonā pōkole a me nā olonā ʻāʻī, haʻahaʻa ka maʻemaʻe, nāwaliwali ka ikaika, a maʻalahi ka melemele ma hope o ka mālama lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, he kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia ʻano pulp a he haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka wili ʻana i ka pulp lāʻau e hana i ka nūpepa a me ka pepa pahu.

I ka makahiki 1857, ua hana ʻo Hutton i ka pulp kemika. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano pulp i ka pulp sulfite, ka pulp sulfate, a me ka pulp soda caustic, ma muli o ka mea hana delignification i hoʻohana ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano hana pulping soda caustic i hana ʻia e Hardon e pili ana i ka mahu ʻana i nā mea maka i loko o kahi hopena o ka sodium hydroxide ma ke ana wela a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano hana no nā lāʻau lau ākea a me nā mea kanu e like me ke kumu.
I ka makahiki 1866, ua ʻike ʻo Chiruman i ka pulp sulfite, i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea maka i kahi hopena sulfite waikawa e loaʻa ana ka sulfite keu a hoʻomoʻa iā ia ma lalo o ke ana wela a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe e wehe i nā mea haumia e like me ka lignin mai nā ʻāpana mea kanu. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pulp i hoʻokeʻokeʻo ʻia a me ka pulp lāʻau i hui pū ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka nūpepa, ʻoiai ʻo ka pulp i hoʻokeʻokeʻo ʻia he kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i ka pepa kiʻekiʻe a me ka pepa waena.
I ka makahiki 1883, ua hana ʻo Daru i ka pulp sulfate, kahi e hoʻohana ai i ka hui ʻana o ka sodium hydroxide a me ka sodium sulfide no ka kuke ʻana i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me ka mahana kiʻekiʻe. Ma muli o ka ikaika o ka fiber o ka pulp i hana ʻia e kēia ʻano hana, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "pulp ʻili bipi". He paʻakikī ke hoʻokeʻokeʻo i ka pulp Kraft ma muli o ke koena o ka lignin ʻeleʻele, akā he ikaika kiʻekiʻe kona, no laila he kūpono loa ka pepa kraft i hana ʻia no ka pepa ʻōwili. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka pulp i hoʻokeʻokeʻo ʻia i nā pepa ʻē aʻe e hana i ka pepa paʻi, akā hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka pepa kraft a me ka pepa corrugated. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, mai ka wā i puka mai ai ka pulp kemika e like me ka pulp sulfite a me ka pulp sulfate, ua loli ka pepa mai kahi mea waiwai nui i kahi waiwai kūʻai haʻahaʻa.
I ka makahiki 1907, ua hoʻomohala ʻo ʻEulopa i ka pulp sulfite a me ka pulp hemp i hui pū ʻia. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hale hana pepa kraft mua loa. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Bates ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā "ʻeke pepa kraft". Ua hoʻohana mua ʻo ia i ka pepa kraft no ka hoʻopili paʻakai a ma hope ua loaʻa iā ia kahi palapala Sila Nui no "Bates pulp".
I ka makahiki 1918, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kelemania i ka hana mīkini ʻana i nā ʻeke pepa kraft. Ua hoʻomaka pū ka manaʻo o Houston "hiki ke hoʻololi i ka pepa ʻōpala kaumaha" i kēlā manawa.
Ua komo kūleʻa ʻo Santo Rekis Paper Company ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka mākeke ʻEulopa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana humuhumu ʻeke mīkini humuhumu, kahi i hoʻolauna ʻia ma hope i Iapana i ka makahiki 1927.