Ke Kumu o ka Pepa Kraft

Kraft Paper ʻO ka huaʻōlelo pili no ka "ikaika" ma ka ʻōlelo Kelemānia ʻo "ka ʻili bipi".

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻo ka mea maka no ka pepa he mau lole a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pulp fermented. Ma hope iho, me ka hana ʻana o ka crusher, ua lawe ʻia ke ʻano hana pulping mechanical, a ua hana ʻia nā mea maka i nā mea fibrous ma o ka crusher. I ka makahiki 1750, ua haku ʻo Herinda Bita o Netherlands i ka mīkini pepa, a ua hoʻomaka ka hana pepa nui. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koi no ka hana pepa maka i ka lako.
No laila, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e noiʻi a hoʻomohala i nā ʻano mea maka. I ka makahiki 1845, ua hana ʻo Keira i ka pulp lāʻau lepo. Hana ʻia kēia ʻano pulp mai ka lāʻau a ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā fibers ma o ka hydraulic a i ʻole ke kaomi mechanical. Eia naʻe, paʻa ka pulp lāʻau lepo i nā mea a pau o ka mea lāʻau, me ka pōkole a me nā pulupulu, haʻahaʻa maʻemaʻe, nāwaliwali ikaika, a maʻalahi ka melemele ma hope o ka mālama lōʻihi. Eia naʻe, he kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia ʻano pulp a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka pulupulu lāʻau e hana i ka nūpepa a me ka pepa pahu.

I ka makahiki 1857, ua hana ʻo Hutton i ka pulp kemikala. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano pulp i ka pulp sulfite, ka pulp sulfate, a me ka pulp soda caustic, e pili ana i ka mea delignification i hoʻohana ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka soda caustic i hana ʻia e Hardon e pili ana i ka puhi ʻana i nā mea maka i loko o kahi hopena o ka sodium hydroxide ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela a me ke kaomi. Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia ʻano no nā lāʻau lau ākea a me ke kumu e like me nā mea kanu.
I ka makahiki 1866, ua ʻike ʻo Chiruman i ka pulp sulfite, i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea maka i kahi solution sulfite acidic i loaʻa i ka sulfite keu a me ka kuke ʻana ma lalo o ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi e wehe i nā haumia e like me ka lignin mai nā mea kanu. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pulp bleached a me ka pulp laau i hui pū ʻia e like me nā mea maka no ka nūpepa, ʻoiai ʻo ka pulp bleached e kūpono no ka hana ʻana i ka pepa kiʻekiʻe a me waena.
I ka makahiki 1883, ua hana ʻo Daru i ka sulfate pulp, e hoʻohana ana i ka hui ʻana o ka sodium hydroxide a me ka sodium sulfide no ka kuke ʻana i ke kīʻaha kiʻekiʻe a me ka wela. Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka fiber ikaika o ka pulp i hana ʻia e kēia ʻano, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "cowhide pulp". He paʻakikī ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o Kraft pulp ma muli o ke koena o ka lignin brown, akā he ikaika kiʻekiʻe kona, no laila kūpono loa ka pepa kraft i hana ʻia no ka pepa paʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka pulp bleached i nā pepa ʻē aʻe e hana i ka pepa paʻi, akā hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka pepa kraft a me ka pepa corrugated. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, mai ka puka ʻana mai o ka pulp kemika e like me ka pulp sulfite a me ka pulp sulfate, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pepa mai kahi mea waiwai i kahi mea kūʻai aku.
I ka makahiki 1907, ua hoʻomohala ʻo ʻEulopa i ka pulp sulfite a me ka hemp i hui pū ʻia. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hale hana pepa kraft mua loa. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Bates ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā ʻeke pepa kraft. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻo ia i ka pepa kraft no ka paʻakai paʻakai a ma hope ua loaʻa iā ia kahi patent no "Bates pulp".
I ka makahiki 1918, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kelemania i ka hana mechanized o nā ʻeke pepa kraft. Ua hoʻomaka pū ʻia ka manaʻo "hoʻololi i ka pepa paʻa kaumaha" i kēlā manawa.
Ua komo maikaʻi ʻo Santo Rekis Paper Company ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka mākeke ʻEulopa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana humuhumu ʻeke mīkini humuhumu, i hoʻolauna ʻia ma Iapana ma 1927.